Skin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skin - Essay Example The main cause of psoriasis is not well understood, however, several scholars believe that psoriasis is caused by defects in the immune system, enzymes as well as other factors that regulate skin cell division. One of the processes involves abnormalities in the immune response that leads to inflammation and increased production of immature skin cells. Genes have been associated to have a significant role in the development of psoriasis, in that research has shown that a group of genes called PSORS 1-8 have been involved in psoriasis. Psoriasis commonly manifests on the skin of the elbow, scalp, and intergluteal clefts among other places (Lowes, Bowcock, & Krueger, 2007). As stated earlier, the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not well understood, however, T cells, that appear to be capable of inducing keratinocytes proliferation has been linked to causing psoriasis. This has been supported by several histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the psoriatic plaques, which have revealed large population of T cells in the lesions. A study has shown that a patient with 20% body surface area affected by psoriasis has a proximately eight billion blood circulating T cells. The increased T cells lead to deregulated inflammatory process with extensive production of various cytokines like tumor necrosis factor- ÃŽ ±, interferon-gamma and interleukin 12. Several clinical features (raised reddish patches, itchiness and small red spots) of psoriasis are explained by the immense production of these chemical mediators. The key findings in the affected part of the skin include vascular engorgement due to dilatation of the superficial blood vessels as well as altered epidermal cell cycle (Coimbra et al., 2012). A microscopic examination of the skin tissue taken from the affected patches is required to make a definite diagnosis of psoriasis from other

MSc Planning Practice & Research - Affordable Housing Essay

MSc Planning Practice & Research - Affordable Housing - Essay Example Out-migration may create a considerable multiplier effect – schools may close down for lack of enrolment, employers may have little choice over new employees, and local economies may begin to be threatened by the possible termination of local services, thus, depriving communities of access to critical provisions. Since the 1950s, Wales and England have declared between them ten locations as national parks, which comprise about ten percent of the land area in the United Kingdom (U.K.).Wales alone boasts of three national parks: the Brecon Beacons National Park (BBNP) – the site of this research study – along with the Pembrokeshire Coast and Snowdonia National Parks. Meanwhile, similar programs have been underway in Scotland. National parks are tracts of land allocated for the protection and conservation of the natural environment. While these spaces are generally open to the public, park authorities are mandated to maintain a balance between potentially conflicting "recreational and conservation objectives" (Park, 2001, 545). In addition, The World Conservation Union (1975) or IUCN defined a national park as "a relatively large area where (a) one or several ecosystems are not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educative and recreational interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty (b) the highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate as soon as possible exploitation or occupation in the whole area and to enforce effectively the respect of ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment (c) visitor s are allowed to enter under special conditions, for inspirational, cultural and recreative purposes" (Park, 2001). While